In a clear sign of rural economic momentum, the July 2025 round of the Rural Economic Conditions and Sentiments Survey (RECSS), released by NABARD recently, reveals that 76.6% of rural households reported an increase in consumption, marking a sustained trajectory of consumption-led growth. The RECSS serves as a vital tool to evaluate the real-world impact of various government schemes and rural development programmes. By capturing household-level data on income, consumption, credit, and sentiment, the survey offers valuable insights into how public welfare initiatives are translating into tangible economic outcomes on the ground. The findings paint an encouraging picture of rising incomes, expanding financial inclusion, and growing household optimism in rural India.
NABARD is India’s apex development bank, established in 1982 under an Act of Parliament to promote sustainable and equitable agriculture and rural development. This premier development financial institution has transformed lives in Indian villages through agri-finance, infrastructure development, banking technology, promotion of microfinance and rural entrepreneurship through Self Help Groups, Joint Liability Groups and more. It continues to aid in nation building through participative financial and non-financial interventions, innovations, technology and institutional development in rural areas.
Rising Incomes and Consumption-Led Growth
Income Growth
39.6% of surveyed households reported an increase in income during the past year—the highest share across all six rounds of the survey so far.
| Income Increase Bracket (in %) | % of Households who reported Increase in Income |
| 0–5% | 24.70% |
| 5–10% | 42.50% |
| 10–15% | 14.90% |
| 15–20% | 8.90% |
| Above 20% | 9.10% |
Consumption Expenditure
76.6% of households reported a rise in consumption over the past year. Just 3.2% of households reported a decline in consumption, which is the lowest since this survey started.
This growth is further reinforced by the highest recorded share of monthly income being spent on consumption at 65.57%, up from 60.87% in September 2024.
This reflects enhanced purchasing power and stronger financial confidence of rural households.
Government Support Remains Crucial
Income and spending levels continue to be strongly supported by several fiscal transfer schemes, in both kind and cash, both from the Centre and states. These include subsidies on food, electricity, cooking gas, fertilizers, and support for school needs, transport, meals, pensions, and interest subsidies. On average, these transfers made up about 10% of a household’s monthly income. These interventions significantly enhance household resilience and reduce financial pressure, especially for vulnerable populations.
Strengthening Financial Health through Increased Savings
20.6% of households reported a rise in financial savings, showing a notable improvement in saving capacity alongside rising incomes.
The reported share of income allocated to savings stood at 13.18%, while loan repayments accounted for 11.85% of household spending.
Together, these numbers point toward a stronger culture of saving and debt management, alongside consumption growth.
Strong Sentiments on Income and Employment Outlook
Short-Term Sentiments (Next One Quarter)
56.4% of rural households expect income levels to improve in the next quarter, the highest across all rounds of the survey so far.
56.2% of rural households anticipate better employment opportunities in the next quarter, reflecting growing optimism across income-generating avenues.
These values reflect a broad-based optimism about the near-term economic outlook in rural India.
Long-Term Sentiments (Next One Year)
An all-time high 74.7% of rural households expect their income to increase over the next 12 months.
This reflects a strong sense of confidence and forward-looking positivity, bolstered in part by a favorable monsoon and improving infrastructure.
The July survey also showed better perceptions of infrastructure, with only 2.6% of households reporting any decline reflecting growing satisfaction with basic services like roads, electricity, water, education, and healthcare.
Expanding Financial Inclusion and Formal Credit Usage
Shift to Formal Lending Channels
Driven by continued policy efforts to promote financial inclusion, rural households increasingly rely on formal institutional sources for credit. A record 52.6% of households reported sourcing loans exclusively from formal financial institutions—banks, cooperatives, NBFCs, MFIs, etc.
Another 26.9% borrowed from both formal and informal sources.
This represents a strong shift away from unregulated lenders, ensuring better borrower protection and reduced cost of credit.
Decline in Informal Interest Burden
The mean interest rate on informal loans declined to 17.53%, a 30-basis-point drop from the previous round.
Despite being outside the formal system, 30% of rural households paid no interest on such loans—primarily due to borrowing from friends and relatives, indicating community-based financial support.
Rural Infrastructure Perceived to Be Improving
76.1% of households assessed that rural infrastructure improved over the past year.
This reflects consistent progress in areas such as roads, electricity supply, drinking water, health services, and educational institutions.
The CPI-rural inflation fell from 3.25% in March to 2.92% in April and further to 2.59% in May. Food inflation also dropped to 1.36% in May. In the July survey, rural households reported a lower inflation perception, averaging (mean value) 4.28%. A majority of households (78.4%) perceived inflation to be at or below 5%, while next-quarter expectations fell to a record low of mean 4.29%. One-year-ahead expectations remained stable at mean 5.51%.
Stable Food Expenditure Patterns
The share of food in total monthly consumption expenditure remained stable at a median value of 50%, even with softening rural food inflation.
This indicates that rising incomes are being used to diversify spending, without increasing pressure on food budgets.
Comparison of Key Parameters with Round 1 (September 2024)
| Parameter | 01/09/24 | 01/07/25 | What This Means |
| Income increased (% of Households) | 37.6 | 39.6 | More families are earning better—income growth is picking up. |
| Consumption increased (% of Households) | 80.1 | 76.6 | A slight dip, but still high—people are spending more, which keeps the economy active. |
| Employment Outlook Next Quarter (% of Households reporting an increase) | 52.6 | 56.2 | Hope is growing—more households expect job opportunities to improve soon. |
| Income Outlook – 1 year (% of Households reporting an increase) | 70.2 | 74.7 | A big jump in confidence—people believe their incomes will rise over the next 12 months. |