There are many causes of oral cancer, and not just tobacco use. Dr Ankit Jain, senior consultant, medical oncology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, explains the risk factors for oral cancer.
“The most significant causes are tobacco use (including smoking cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and chewing tobacco) and excessive alcohol consumption, especially when both habits are combined. Other important risk factors include infection with certain strains of HPV, particularly HPV-16, which is increasingly linked to cancers at the base of the tongue and tonsils. Chronic irritation from poorly fitting dentures, sharp teeth, or other sources of persistent trauma may also play a minor role. Additionally, a diet low in fruits and vegetables can increase risk, as can excessive sun exposure, which is linked to lip cancer. Genetic predisposition and a weakened immune system can further elevate the likelihood of developing oral cancer.”
Does cheek biting cause oral cancer?
Cheek biting is a common habit, especially when people are stressed or anxious. While it can lead to irritation, sores, or even small ulcers inside the mouth, there is no strong scientific evidence that cheek biting alone causes oral cancer. Chronic cheek biting, however, can cause persistent irritation and inflammation of the oral tissues. In some rare cases, if the tissue is repeatedly injured and does not have time to heal, it might theoretically increase the risk of abnormal cell changes, but this is not considered a direct or significant cause of cancer. Oral cancer is much more strongly linked to factors like tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, and infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Therefore, while cheek biting can be uncomfortable and may require attention to prevent infection or further damage, it is not a recognised risk factor for oral cancer.
What are the signs of oral cancer?
Recognising the early signs of oral cancer is crucial for timely treatment. Common symptoms include a sore or ulcer in the mouth that does not heal within two to three weeks, white or red patches on the gums, tongue, or lining of the mouth, and unexplained lumps or thickening in the cheek. Other warning signs can be persistent pain or difficulty swallowing, a feeling that something is caught in the throat, changes in voice, or unexplained weight loss. Sometimes, a lump or swelling in the neck may also be present. It’s important to note that many of these symptoms can be caused by less serious conditions, but if they persist, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation.
Have oral cancer rates come down in India in the past decade or gone up?
Oral cancer rates in India have unfortunately been on the rise over the past decade. India accounts for a significant portion of the global oral cancer burden, with a high prevalence linked to widespread use of tobacco products, betel quid, and areca nut (commonly known as paan or gutka). Despite public health campaigns and increased awareness, the rates of oral cancer have not declined. Late diagnosis and limited access to healthcare in rural areas further contribute to the problem. The combination of cultural practices, lack of early detection programs, and ongoing tobacco use has made oral cancer a major public health challenge in India, with rates showing an upward trend rather than a decline.