The Vande Bharat stable of trains is the pride of Indian Railways, and deservedly so. Their coaches are state of the art, comprising the best in the world in technology and comfort, rivalling the airlines at a fraction of the cost.
Each set of 16 coaches costs about Rs 130 crore, 10 times the cost of an average train; the railways run 75 pairs of these trains currently, but plan to raise it to 4,500 by 2047. But the Vande Bharat has an Achilles heel – designed to run at 200 km/hour, its average speed is only 76 km/hour, no better than the Rajdhani or the Shatabdi of much more ancient vintage, negating its very purpose and expenditure.
The outdated track and signals technology has simply not kept pace with the more modern rolling stock; poor maintenance and anti-collision systems, overloaded train schedules bedevil the railway system. Proof of this lies in the statistics: in the 11 years ending 2023, there were 678 train crashes, resulting in 1,061 deaths (National Crime Records Bureau). If one were to quantify all accidents such as people falling off trains or walking on the tracks, etc, the figure for just 2023 is a mind-boggling 24,678 accidents and 21,835 deaths. This is the Vande Bharat paradox – the attempt to impose a modern superstructure on a crumbling infrastructure without proper preparation or 360-degree planning. And this is not peculiar to the railways alone, but pervades all our development parameters and sectors.
Take our highways. At 1,46,204 km, India has one of the largest networks of National Highways in the world, and this is expanding at 45 km per day, having increased by 60 per cent since 2015. Mr Gadkari boasts that by 2030, we will rival the USA. In length maybe, but not in quality, for the Vande Bharat paradox is at play here too. The groundwork for such a rapid expansion has not been done: the roads are of poor quality, the cars and drivers are not suited for high-speed expressways, and enforcement is wanting.
The proof, again, lies in the statistics. There were 1,72,000 deaths in accidents in 2024-25. We record 2,247 deaths per million vehicles, as against 814 for China and 141 for USA: our highways are corridors of death, not just transportation. The reason? Development of associated but essential hard and soft infrastructure has not kept pace with the physical construction of roads – we are grossly deficient in road designs and engineering, timely maintenance, enforcement of road discipline, road and traffic signages, efficient highway patrol systems, availability of medical and trauma centres to provide the golden hour treatment; the licensing regimes are riddled with corruption. As in the case of the railways, we have put the cart before the horse here too.
Next, consider our education eco-system. Here again, the statistics are impressive – a superstructure of 18,000 colleges and 800 universities, churning out 1.5 crore graduates every year, including 15 lakh engineers and 1.8 lakh doctors. Enough, one would think, to power us strongly to a developed nation status. But look closely and one finds the Vande Bharat paradox playing out here too. For, barely 40 per cent of these youngsters are employable, such is the quality of our primary and higher education, thanks to poor regulation, corruption in the selection of teachers, persistent paper leaks, governments abdicating their responsibility and outsourcing education to profiteering corporates. The proof is not far away here either. The global QS World University Rankings (2026) saw all but one of India’s top 10 institutes slide sharply in their ranks; IIT-Bombay from 48 to 71, IIT-Delhi from 44 to 59.
And worse is to come, for the BJP government at the Centre has an antediluvian concept of education, and is sparing no effort at hollowing out the very foundations of our education system. It is turning our universities from being centres of inquiry into centres of strait-jacketed conformism, repression and ideological brain-washing. Vice Chancellors and Directors of top institutes are chosen on the basis of loyalty and ideological compatibility, not scholarship or administrative experience, and their primary task is to crush the spirit of inquiry; in JNU alone, more than 500 cases have been filed in the Delhi High Court by students and faculty against such high-handedness.
Even worse is the manner in which the UGC and NCERT are mutilating syllabi for colleges and schools and embedding an unscientific and backward-looking political ideology. So the Mughals are largely deleted from history books, secularism and federalism as subjects from textbooks, Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and the Periodic Tables are expunged. This is institutionalising of scientific illiteracy. A generation of “qualified quacks” is being created by integrating modern, science-based medicine with traditional systems and allowing homoeopaths to practice modern pharmacology. In short, the very scientific temper which ensures real development is being eroded from under our educational institutions. The gleaming buildings are being hollowed out from within and the damage will be felt years down the line.
The Vande Bharat paradox pervades other areas of “development”, too, where all is not what it seems and contradictions are all too apparent. The fourth largest economy but with 30 crore in poverty and free rations for 80 crore, glitzy metros that have the highest pollution levels in the world, the Umar Khalid paradox where a young scholar is neither tried nor convicted but continues to languish in jail for five years, the GDP paradox where though the government says we are growing at 7 or 8 per cent, the IMF cautions that the figures are doctored, the crime and reward paradox where the crime is proved but the criminal is allowed to retain the proceeds. The list is endless.
We are living in an imaginary world where paradoxes reign supreme. To put it in the words of my late English teacher, Prof P Lal: We are what we think, having become what we thought. The institutionalisation of delusion.